Printing Cationized Cotton with Direct Dyes
This paper investigates improved direct dye printing of cotton by cationization. For the cationization, a 100% cotton woven fabric is pretreated with 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride by a cold pad-batch method. All printing conditions are constant, and four different direct dyes are used to print both unmodified and cationized cotton fabrics. The effects of cationic reagent concentration, steaming time, dye concentration, color yields, colorimetric properties, fastness properties, staining of the white ground, and penetration behavior are evaluated. This research reveals that printing with direct dyes on cationic cotton is a very simple, cost effective printing method with high wet fastness properties.
Direct dyes are generally inexpensive, simple to apply, and available in a full range of shades. They are also tinctorially stronger than other cellulose dyes, and very dark shades can be obtained economically with low dye concentrations. Furthermore, some direct dyes have very good light fastness [2, 4, 24].
The major drawbacks of direct dyes are their low to moderate wet fastness properties and lack of brilliant shades. Current wet fastness requirements for textiles are more stringent, so direct dye use has gradually declined [2]. There are additional drawbacks with respect to printing with direct dyes. Long steaming times are required for maximum color yields, and white backgrounds stain significantly during after-washing [13, 15, 18, 20-21]. In addition to these problems, direct dyes have historically been used for low quality cotton prints [15, 20]. Because direct dye printed cotton fabrics cannot meet today’s consumer quality requirements, their application for printing is very limited [4, 20].
Chemical modification of cotton with cationic agents in order to improve dyeability is a well-known process. Anionic dyes, such as direct, acid, reactive, and solubilized sulfur dyes, are attracted by the cationic charges imparted to fibers by the cationic agent [23].
Several researchers have investigated the effect of cationization on dyeing properties of cotton with direct dyes. Various chemicals have been used for cationization, and a dramatic increase in wash fastness, reduced or no salt use, reduced washing procedure, and very high fixation levels were obtained [6, 9, 12, 14, 16, 19, 22-23, 27-28]. However, there is only limited research on printing cationic cotton with direct dyes. In a recent study, cotton modified by a polymeric cationic after treatment agent was printed with acid and direct dyes and pigments. The study showed that cationization of cotton enhances printing properties with direct dyes [7].
In this study, we use a nonpolymeric cationic reactant, 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (EPTAC), to cationize cotton fabric. As a result of this cationization, the cotton fibers have positive charges independent of pH, and these positive charges strongly attract anionic dyes. Earlier work has shown that cationization with EPTAC can significantly enhance cotton dyeability with direct dyes in terms of wet fastness and dye yield [6, 8-10, 12, 22]. Our goals in this study are to improve direct dye print quality and to develop a cost effective printing method by means of cationization.
Experimental
We used a scoured, bleached, and mercerized, optical brightener-free, woven twill 3:1, 100% cotton fabric with a weight of 235 g/m^sup 2^ and a density of 46 threads/cm in the warp and 20 threads/cm in the weft direction throughout this study.
The cationic reagent was a commercially available 69% solution of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (a precursor of EPTAC) in water [5]. The dyes were C.I. Direct Yellow 106, C.I. Direct Red 83.1, C.I. Direct Blue 85, and C.I. Direct Black 22. All dyes were Solophenyl brand and came from Ciba. A depolymerized nonionic guar thickener (LV-Guar, SNP) and a mild oxidizing agent, sulfonic acid sodium salt (Rezerv E Salt Flake, Ciba), were used for the printing pastes. A naphthalene sulphonate based anionic surfactant (Ruco-Tex KST 150, Rudolf-Duraner) was used to wash the printed samples. Other chemicals in this study were commercially available sodium hydroxide (50% w/w), urea, and acetic acid (97%).
METHODS
Cationization Process
Cationization involved the cold pad-batch method [25] and a Mathis HVF padder. The cationic reagent was used at concentrations of 50, 75, 100, and 125 g/l with correspending sodium hydroxide concentrations of 31.0, 46.5, 62.0, and 77.5 g/1, respectively. Sodium hydroxide concentrations were calculated according to the method optimized by Tabba [25].
The fabrics were padded through cationization baths to approximately 100% wet pickup, wrapped in plastic, and stored at room temperature for 24 hours. After removal from the plastic, the fabrics were rinsed with warm water at 40°C, neutralized with 2 g/l acetic acid at 40°C, cold rinsed, and then dried on a conveyor-type drying machine (Precision Screen Machines Inc.) at 100°C.
Obituary: Myron Jon Dye, Jr.
Our beloved and courageous husband, father, and grandfather, Myron Jon Dye Jr., age 62, returned to his Heavenly Father on Nov 17th, 2004.
He was born in Idaho Falls, Idaho, to Myron Jon and Lucy Jensen Dye and grew up in Firth, Idaho. Jon served a mission to Colorado and New Mexico, attended Ricks College and graduated from BYU. He taught school for several years and then served many years for the LDS Church as a custodian and later as a supervisor at Deseret Industries.
He was married to Barbara Jean Mitchell and later divorced. Jon married Marilyn Fitzgerald on October 23, 1981, in the Salt Lake Temple
He is survived by his devoted wife Marilyn and children, Melanie R. (Steve) Sida, Myron Jon Dye III, Thomas R. (LuAnnie) Dye, Brett J. (Emily) Dye, and a father to Nathan and Amanda. His grandchildren, Rileigh, Austin, Renden, Preston and Payton were the apple of his eye. He was a younger brother to Gerald, Keith, Ruth, Norman (deceased), Larry (deceased) and their families.
We will miss Jon’s contagious smile that lit up our lives and lifted our hearts.
A viewing will be held Sunday, Nov. 21st, from 6-8 p.m. in the Walker Sanderson Funeral Home, 646 N. 800 W., Orem. Funeral services will be Mon., November 22, at 12 noon in the Provo Park 2nd Ward, 1066 West 200 North, Provo. A viewing will start at 10:45 a.m. prior to the services at the church. Interment will take place at the American Fork Cemetery.
Copyright C 2004 Deseret News Publishing Co.
Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights Reserved.
Injury to thumb has slowed Dye
ST. PETERSBURG, Fla.–Just looking at Jermaine Dye swing on Wednesday night, it was evident something was wrong. He was 0-for-5, struck out four times and didn’t have many good cuts.
Indeed, something was wrong. Dye revealed afterward he sprained his thumb two weeks ago in Minnesota trying to catch a flyball on the artificial turf.
The injury wasn’t enough to keep him out of the lineup as Dye always wants to play.
But after the swings Wednesday night, Oakland Athletics manager Ken Macha made an executive decision and sat Dye on Friday in the opener of a three-game weekend series at Tropicana Field.
“(Dye) was obviously in pain,” Macha said. “We talked (Friday afternoon), and he wants to be in there. But we agreed we’ll give him a few days here. Watching him take (batting practice), he’s swinging the bat great. But in game speed, you need to be real quick.”
Dye is 6-for-12 with two home runs against John Halama, who starts tonight, so he’ll probably start tonight. Depending on how he swings, he could get another day of rest Sunday.
When Dye does return, Macha has considered moving him out of the cleanup spot. He’s reluctant because Dye is the only right-handed power threat in the middle of the A’s order, and Macha doesn’t want to make his lineup susceptible to a tough left-handed reliever.
Dye, who said it doesn’t matter where he bats in the lineup, is hitting just .184 (19-for-103) since July 19. He didn’t blame the injury though.
“No excuses,” Dye said. “I’m just fighting through it. It will be with me the rest of the year.”
RHODES’ RETURN: Reliever Arthur Rhodes made his first appearance since coming off the disabled list on Tuesday.
Entering in the seventh inning, with two outs and the tying run in the on-deck circle and facing the heart of the Tampa Bay lineup, Rhodes retired all four batters he faced.
“He came in with good command, and he got their lefties out,” Macha said. “It was nice to get him back into a game. I like having an extra pitcher out there. Arthur was a contributor tonight.”
ONE-HOPPERS: Reliever Chad Bradford struck out two in a scoreless eighth inning Thursday for Triple-A Sacramento. … The submariner, sidelined with back spasms, will throw no more than 25 pitches tonight in a second rehab stint, and should be activated from the disabled list Monday. … Like most catchers this time of year, Damian Miller has a lot of nagging injuries, with his hamstring the biggest nag. … Miller didn’t start Friday but should tonight. … Third baseman Eric Chavez hit multiple homers in a game Friday for the second time this year and 11th in his career. … The A’s have hit 11 home runs in their past three games.
c2004 ANG Newspapers. Cannot be used or repurposed without prior written permission.
Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights Reserved.
Bladder Cancer - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Care
Over 10,000 people are diagnosed with bladder cancer in the UK each year and over 50,000 annually in the US. It accounts for 90% of cancers of the urinary tract (renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra) and occurs mostly in those over 50 and about twice as many men as women gets this disease. Although bladder cancer cannot be prevented, tobacco use and working with certain chemicals are associated with a higher risk of developing the disease. Drinking plenty of fluids daily can help to lower the risk. The symptoms of bladder cancer include pain and frequency of urination and blood in the urine.
Diagnosis of bladder cancer is by urological testing and image testing, potential risk factors can be determined by the patient’s full medical history and things like smoking and exposure to dyes are taken into consideration. The NMP22®BladderChek® is a noninvasive urine test which detects elevated levels of nuclear matrix protein (NMP) caused by bladder cancer, the results of this test when used with cystoscopy have shown to be more effective than other diagnostic tests.
Various imaging tests can also be performed, these involve a dye being administered through a vein then x-rays are taken as the dye moves through the urinary tract. This provides information about the function of the bladder, ureters and kidneys. Other imaging tests include a CT scan, MRI scan, bone scan and ultrasound. If bladder cancer is suspected a cystoscopy and biopsy are performed. With a cystoscopy a thin telescope-like tube with a tiny camera attached is inserted into the bladder through the urethra to detect abnormalities. In biopsy, tissue samples are taken and examined for cancer cells.
Once is has been determined that a tumor exists, the next step is to clarify the tumor’s status. The size of the tumor, where it lies, whether it has extended into surrounding tissue and whether it has spread to the lymph nodes or other sites in the body are all questions that need to be answered. The tumor’s stage or depth of penetration is confined to one of two categories; (1) superficial, surface tumors which affect only the bladder lining or (2) invasive, deep spreading tumors which grow into the deeper layers of the bladder tissue, and may involve surrounding muscle, fat and nearby organs.
Treatment of bladder cancer depends on the stage of the disease, type of cancer and the patient’s age and general health. Options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and immunotherapy. Surgery can include removing the bladder, prostate and lymph nodes which results in the patient requiring an external urinary appliance, but if caught in the early stages a tumor can be removed using instruments inserted through the urethra.
Chemotherapy is systemic treatment that uses drugs to destroy the cancer cells which are administered orally or intravenously. In patients with the early stages of bladder cancer drugs may be infused into the bladder through the urethra. Some side effects of chemotherapy can be severe and include headache, abdominal pain, blurred vision, fatigue, excessive bleeding, infection and weakness.
Radiation uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells. External beam radiation is emitted from a machine outside the body and internal radiation is emitted from pellets implanted into the tumor. Either type may be used after surgery to destroy remaining cancer cells. Side effects can include inflammation of the rectum, skin irritation, fibrosis and impotence.
Immunotherapy may be used in cases of superficial bladder cancer. The treatment enhances the immune system’s ability to fight disease. A vaccine is infused through the urethra to the bladder once a week for 6 weeks to stimulate the immune system and destroy cancer cells. Side effects can be inflammation of the bladder, inflammation of the prostate and flu-like symptoms. Bladder cancer has a high rate of recurrence. Urine cytology and cystoscopy are performed every 3 months for 2 years, every 6 months for the next 2 years and then yearly.
Explain How Candle is Made?
Candles nowadays are not an essential product in our daily life. But in recent times demand for candles has increased substantially. Candles are nowadays considered as works of art, to be proudly displayed in the house. Varieties of candles are pouring into the market such as colored candles, scented candles, shells, bubbles, shaped candles, candle embellishments with beads and many more. With new techniques and innovative ideas candle making is really blossoming.
Candle making is an age-old art. Candles are manufactured in multiple ways. It can be produced through dipped, rolled, molded, layered or sculptured process. It is a time consuming process but the manufacturing costs are low. The ingredients and equipments that are required to manufacture candles are given below:
Paraffin Wax: This is the main constituent of candles.
Melting System: The wax is melted in this system.
Thermometer: Thermometer measures the temperature of the wax. A special thermometer, which has a covering scale of 38C-177C, called Candy Thermometer, is used to measure the temperature of wax.
Scales: Scales measure the amount of water and wax.
Ladle and Spoons: These are used for stirring and pouring wax.
Wick: In the market there are a variety of wicks available for different sizes and types of candles. Nowadays wicks are manufactured after a chemical treatment. It helps wicks to burn longer and brighter.
Color Dyes and Stearic Acid: Wax is naturally soft. So stearic acid is used to provide solidity to the candle. It also helps the candle to shrink so that candles can release from their molds easily. Color dyes are used to provide colors in the candle.
Molds: Molds come in different shapes and sizes. The manufacturer can choose the one they want.
Method: Take a suitable wick for the mold. Suspend the wick in the center of the mold. In a pot dissolve stearic acid and color dye. Then heat the wax. When the temperature reaches 130 degrees the paraffin starts to melt. When the temperature reaches 190 degrees combine the stearic mixture with paraffin. Stir and blend them well at the maintained temperature of 190 degrees. Pour the mixture in the mold and let it be cooled. When it cools remove it from the mold. And your candle is ready.
Vitamins and Hair Color
Hair coloring has become more of a necessity than a fad for anyone who would like to change or improve their looks. A recent study shows that 75 percent of American women color their hair. However, this phenomenon is not limited to women. Home hair color products for men have surpassed the $100 million dollar mark in sales in five years. Commercial hair dyes can be applied easily. Some are applied to dry hair and some to wet hair. Some dyes are worked into a lather, left to process for a specific time, and then rinsed and conditioned.
Hair coloring may give your hair a new look but it can leave your hair weakened and damaged. If the wrong levels of ammonia and peroxide in the hair dye are used, then they could cause damage to your hair. Over-processing, or having too many permanent colors applied to your hair, can leave your hair really dull and brittle.
Hair care manufacturers have become aware of this problem and have come up with a solution. The result is the appearance of various hair vitamins in the market specifically for people with colored hair. So far, consumer reactions have been positive. These hair vitamins work by resealing the cuticle, thereby ensuring the retention of moisture and nutrients in the hair and protecting the cortex. If you are considering purchasing one of these products, be sure that it has inositol. Inositol strengthens the hair’s cell walls. Other vitamins and minerals to look for in a hair vitamin product are Vitamin B-12, pantothenic acid, zinc, and manganese. Also, never underestimate the power of a balanced diet to make your treated hair grow healthy. Vitamins and minerals play a great role in restoring your damaged hair. Vitamin C in fruits and vegetables have is good for the skin and hair. Vitamin E from nuts and green, leafy vegetables enhances scalp circulation.
Carpet Dye: What You Should Know
If you want your carpets to take on a new look and don’t want to spend the money to replace them you should consider carpet dye. It’s a low cost alternative that will give your carpet a total face lift.
Both nylon and wool carpets can be dyed. Polyester, polypropylene, and acrylic cannot be dyed. The current color of your carpet will determine what color you can dye your carpet. For example if your carpet is red and yellow dye and you would get an orange carpet. Of if your carpet was blue and you added red you would get a purple carpet. White and light beige carpet can be dyed any color but you can never get a deep black. You can never go lighter when dying carpet, only darker.
There are two common methods used to dye carpet. One is by spraying the dye using a want that produces between 150 and 500 pounds of pressure. If you are performing a total color change this method can have some issues with penetration.
The second method is to apply the dye with a rotary scrubber which has nylon bristles. The machine is moved across the carpet in an overlapping pattern so no areas are missed. You need a great deal of experience to get a professional look but the penetration is excellent and its’ the best method of the two.
You must be sure to use professional carpet dye to ensure your carpet dye job works. Just like a bad hair dye you can get a bad carpet dye too. Fiber pro dyes are designed to work on nylon, wool, and carpets that have a stain resistant coating. The colors are bright and they are fade resistant. You need to know what the material of your carpet is and ensure that it is capable of being dyed. Because dying a carpet is a complex procedure it would be in your best interest to have a professional come into your home, have a look, and let you know if your carpet can be dyed, how well it will take, and how much it will cost.
If you are having touch up work done a professional will use a match system to match up the color as close as possible. Automobiles often have their carpeting dyed and the professionals will match the carpet as close as possible to the original.
When the carpet dye is applied it is applied to the surface and the lightly brushed into the nap. The professional will know the exact amount of dye to apply to your carpet to obtain the color choice. To find a good professional make some calls to local carpet dealers. Remember you can use carpet dying to do touch up on spots that have had color discoloration or removal due to bleach.
Carpet dying is truly an art form. If you are going to give it a try yourself and eliminate the cost of the professionals I encourage you to get some scrap carpet, hopefully in a similar color to what you are going to dye, and then practice, and practice some more. If you feel confident you can do it, go for it. But remember the cost of the professional might be a good investment of money because you could wreck your entire carpet.
Carpet dye is an excellent way to give your carpet an affordable face lift and get a few more years out of it. It’s also a good choice if you have changed your decor and your carpets no longer fit. So be sure to call a professional to find out more about the carpet dye option.
Is It Safe to Dye Long Hair?
When you make the effort to grow long hair, you get picky about what you do to it. You come to know how much of a price you can pay for damaging it, not to mention the long growing out time. Experimentation is done only with great caution.
But if you want to dye your hair, you can, even if it’s long. You have to be a little pickier about what you use. Fortunately, there are some great options out there.
You should always pick a hair dye that does not have peroxide. Peroxide can be very damaging to your hair. If you can avoid these, do so. Just look at the ingredients.
Many people with long hair like to use henna or indigo to dye their hair. These can work very well, although you do need to experiment to figure out if the color will be right for you, and the dying process can take a long time. It can be a lot of fun figuring out the exact mixture that gives you the color you want.
A simple way to test a henna or indigo mixture is to clean out your hair brush, and place the hairs in your mixture. Let them sit for a while to see what the resultant color on your hair will be.
Mixing these up is not as simple as opening a tube. You will want to get instructions for the mixture you use. Henna often has to sit for hours before use, and so many people mix it up the night before to give plenty of time for dye release.
Many people who have used henna report that it also has wonderful conditioning properties, and their hair feels wonderful after.
If you choose henna, the best sort is the type that is body art quality that you mix with lemon juice at home. Some henna products include metallic salts, and these are the main cause of bad reactions with other dyes later on. These are not always listed on the label, so it is often wise to just be careful about dying your hair with chemicals after using henna.
Most important is to not overdo the use of chemicals in your long hair. This includes times other than when you’re dying it. Think about the chemicals you use daily. Hair spray, mousse and so forth aren’t good for your hair. Some ingredients in shampoos and conditioners aren’t too good for your hair. The more attention you pay daily to your hair, the better your hair can cope if you do something that does damage it a little.
Dyestuff Industry In India And China
World demand for dyes and organic pigments to touch $10.6 billion in 2008
According to a study on dyes & organic pigments, the worldwide demand for organic colourants (dyes and organic pigments) is projected to increase at $10.6 billion in 2008 form 4.9 per cent annually in 2003.
Generally, the dyestuff industry comprises three sub-segments, namely dyes, pigment and intermediates. The dye intermediates are petroleum downstream products which are further processed into finished dyes and pigments. These are important sources in major industries like textiles, plastics, paints, paper and printing inks, leather, packaging sector etc.
Leading players in dyes
Textile dyes have been used since the Bronze Age. They also constitute a prototype 21st-century specialty chemicals market. Three large manufacturers namely DyStar, Ciba Specialty Chemicals and Clariant are leaders in the dyes market. The biggest, DyStar, was established in a series of mergers of some of Europe’s leading textile dye businesses in the 1990s. Worldwide excess capacity and price burden, fueled by the immediate growth of Asian manufacturers, have shifted most dyestuff chemistries into commodities. Regulatory barriers have nearly stopped the progress of the opening of fundamentally new dyestuffs. Despite this DyStar, Ciba Specialty Chemicals and Clariant have grown over the past 10 years with innovative products and new chemistry is being set to endure reactive and dispersant dyes as well as in older dyestuffs such as sulfur dyes.
In 2001 the biggest individual company market shares in colourant production were DyStar (23%), Ciba (14%), Clariant (7%), Yorkshire Group (5%), Japanese (5%) and other traditional groups (3%)., and various dyestuff manufacturers comprise the largest group at 43%.
The only way to growth and to keep Asian bulk dyestuff manufacturers at bay, they say, comes straight out of specialty chemicals strategy to distinguish product offerings through collaborative work with customers and charge a premium price for particular products that gives a perfect solution. This is an effective method, provided that these suppliers produce in China, India, Pakistan, and Brazil as well as in the U.S. and Europe, and that most of the textile producers aim to maintain uniform quality and product performance across worldwide.
Europe is facing the problem of overcapacity of about 30 to 40 per cent in the market from Asia, especially China. But, experts believe, Asian manufacturers manufacture a limited number of low-cost, basic dyestuffs. Most of experts of this field believe that growth lies in innovation and differentiation. Though, of the 180,000-ton-per-year worldwide market for dispersed dyes, specialty dyes consist only about 5,000 tons.
DyStar is a major manufacturer of reactive dyes, which were developed 50 years ago at ICI. DyStar was recently purchased by Platinum Equity, is made up of the dyes business of the original ICI, as well as those of Bayer, BASF and Hoechst. DyStar has developed deep-shade dyes for polyesters. New chemistries are emerging for controlling staining from azo and anthraquinone dyes, including thiophene-based azo dyes. DyStar has also developed benzodifuranone dyes for heavy red shades. It modified azo dyes to keep up their performance when applied with the new detergents. The company also set up secrecy agreements with the leading detergent producers to test new detergent chemistry and do the required dye reformulation proactively. It has added the number of reactive groups in its fluoroaromatic Levafix CA reactive dyes. The company has also been functioning on strengthening the chromophore or color component of the dye for improved lightfastness.
Recently, DyStar has made new red dye for cellulosic fibers, Indanthren Deep Red C-FR Plus, is a new speciality dye for medium to heavy shades of red and Bordeaux, suitable for the coloration of cellulosics on continuous and yarn dyeing units as well as cellulosic/polyamide blends. DyStar Textilfarben GmbH has also introduced the classic cold pad batch dyeing process (cpb). Key developments in cold pad batch technology were started in 1957 and are still ongoing:
-Development of dosing pumps (Hoechst)
- Introduction of sodium silicate as a fixing alkali (Hoechst)
- Development of microwave and oven lab fixation method (Hoechst)
- Mathematical determination of pad liquor stability under practical conditions (Hoechst) — Optidye CR (DyStar)
- Development of silicate free alkali systems (DyStar)
The dyestuffs industry of China
In the first half of 2005, China gained a growth of 4 per cent in dyes and 11 per cent in organic pigment output. A report stated that China’s demand for dyes and pigments is expected to increase at 12 per cent annually by 2008 and output of dyes and pigments will rise by 13 per cent annually by 2008.
According to statistics, in 2004, the production volume of dyeing stuffs and pigments in China reached 598,300 tons and 143,600 tons, an increment of 10.4 per cent and 13.3 per cent over that of the previous year. The total imports and exports of dyeing stuffs and pigments were projected to be 291,200 tons and 138,800 tons; an increase of 10.64 per cent and 16.15 per cent over the same time the previous year. Hence, China has developed to be a large manufacturer, consumer and dealer of dyeing materials, pigments and dyeing auxiliary.
China becomes top importer for Bangladesh
During July-September 2005 Bangladesh imported dyes and chemical (combined) worth 3.73 billion taka ($57.5 million) from China against 2.53 billion taka ($38.9 million) from India.
DyStar expands China facility
Recently DyStar has announced to invest around USD 55 million in a new textile dyes facility at Nanjing to extend its production base in China and step up its focus on this key growth market. Situated about 300 kilometres north-west of Shanghai, Nanjing is the capital of Jiangsu Province, a key area for textile production. It will be DyStar’s third production unit in China, alongside Wuxi, where the production capacity was tripled last year, and Qingdao. This new production site will increase their growth in China. At the same time it will strengthen their international competitiveness and boost market leadership. This investment is a clear sign that DyStar is continuing to invest in its core business and will remain a reliable partner for the textile industry in the long term.
At the new production complex in Nanjing, DyStar will produce dyes for cellulosic and synthetic fibres. In-built flexibility will permit the manufacture of other dyes and extension of the infrastructure in line with requirements. That means DyStar will be able to respond quickly to the rising demand in China. The inauguration of the first plant is scheduled in the first half of 2006.
Indian dyestuff industry
In India the dyestuff industry supplies its majority of the production to the textile industry. Huge of amounts exports of dyes and pigments from India are also done to the textile industry in Europe, South East Asia and Taiwan.
Currently, the Indian dyestuff industry is completely self-dependable for producing the products locally. India presently manufactures all kinds of synthetic dyestuffs and intermediates and has its strong holds in the natural dyestuff market. India has come up as a global supplier of dyestuffs and dye intermediates, mainly for reactive, acid, vat and direct dyes. India has a share of approximately 6 per cent of the world production in dyestuff products.
Structure of dyestuff industry in India
The Indian dyestuff industry has been in existence since about 40 years, though a few MNCs established dyestuff units in the pre independence era. Like the other chemical industry, the dyestuff industry is also widely scattered. The industry is functioning by the co-existence of a few manufacturers in the organised sector (around 50 units) and a large number of small producers (around 1,000 units) in the unorganised sector.
The spreading of these units is slanted towards the western region (Maharashtra and Gujarat) accounting to 90 per cent. In fact, about 80 per cent of the total capacity is in the state of Gujarat, where there are about 750 units.
There has been a huge development in the dyestuff industry during the last decade. This has happened due to the Government’s concessions (excise and tax concessions) to small-scale units and export opportunities generated by the closure of several units in countries like the USA and Europe (due to the implementation of strict pollution control norms). The duty concessions provided to small-scale producers had given in the large ones becoming uncompetitive to some extent. Price competition was strong in the lower segments of the market. Liberalisation of the economy and large-scale reduction of duties have given the decrement of margins for smaller producers. Closing of many small-scale units in Gujarat due to environmental reasons has also helped the organised sector players to grow further.
Over six hundred varieties of dyes and organic pigments are now being produced in India (both by the organised and the unorganised sector). But the per-capita consumption of dyestuffs is less than the world average. Dyes are soluble and basically applied textile products. Pigments, on the other hand, are insoluble and are main sources of products such as paints.
During the past few years, the dyestuff industry was overwhelmed by a series of fast changing upshots in the international platform. The largest market for dyestuffs has been the textile industry. The hold of polyester and cotton in the global markets has positively created the demand for some kinds of dyestuffs. Furthermore, the demand for polyamides, acrylics, cellulose and wool has been close to stagnant. Discrepancy in the regional growth rates of textile products too influences demand. The Asian region has seen the highest development in textile production, followed by North America, Latin America and Western Europe. This shows the change in the global textile industry towards Asia. Subsequently, Asia offers dyestuff production both in terms of volumes and value, with about a 42 per cent share of the global production; the US is next with 24 per cent and Europe has around 22 per cent. Due to a wide use of polyester and cotton-based fabrics, there has been a change towards reactive dyes, applied in cotton-based fabrics, and disperses dyes used in polyester. These two dyes have been leading in all the three regional global market, particularly Asia. Moreover, the change in textile application pattern and regional developments is the amount of over capacity in the global dyestuff industry.
Within India, the leading producers in the pigments industry are Colour Chem and Sudarshan Chemicals while in the dyestuff industry the major players in terms of market share are Atul, Clariant India, Dystar, Ciba Specialities and IDI. The Indian companies together account for nearly 6 per cent of the world production.
Almost 80 per cent of the dyestuffs are commodities. Since not much technology is used, copying of products is also easy as compared to specialties. Though in the recent past, there have been efforts by global producers, with some achievement, to shift to the specialty end of the product profile. Vat dyes have always performed as specialty products, with technology working as a vital function. Now companies are focusing on the higher end of the reactive dyes segment. The inclination is now changing from supplying mere products to colour package solutions. More importance is given to innovation, production range, quality and environmental friendly products. Manufacturers are collaborating with equipment producers to offer integrated solutions rather than products.
Fiscal policies and modification in the application pattern of the global dyestuff industry have revolutionized the market shares of Indian companies. Excise concessions for the small-scale sector in the mid and the late 1980s generated many units in Maharashtra and Gujarat. At one point of time, there were in the unorganised sector nearly 1,000 units, with most of them situated in Gujarat and Maharashtra.
Though, since the early 1990s, there has been seen an ongoing decrement in the excise duty rates applicable to the organised sector. From 25 per cent in 1993-94, the excise duty rates were decreased to 20 per cent in 1994-95, and 18 per cent in 1997-98 and further decreased these rates to 16 per cent.
This continuing decrement in the duty rates smoothened the competitive edge of the unorganised sector. The organised sector, with high product range, technology and marketing reach was capable to raise its market share. But more noteworthy changes have gained through the German ban on many dyestuffs, enforced to the local pollution control laws. While the organised sector has been capable to regulating the manufacturing of dyes based on the 20 banned amines by the German legislation, many in the unorganised sector were moved out. This was amalgam by the local pollution laws, which need to establish the effluent treatment plants, and drive out companies in the unorganised sector.
The capacity and production of dyes and dye stuff was 54,000 MT and 26,000 MT respectively in the year 2003-04. The capacity and production of dyes and dye stuff was 54,000 MT and 26,000 MT correspondingly in the year 2003-04. The small scale units offer major share in dyestuff production while large units focus producing dyestuff intermediates.
Disperse and Reactive dyes represent the greatest product segments in the country covering about 45 per cent of dyestuff consumption. In the coming time, both these segments will lead the dyestuff market with disperse dyes possibly to have the greatest contribution followed by reactive dyes. These two segments will hold a greatest share in order to lead textile and synthetic fibers in dyestuff consumption. Vat segment is also projected to prove healthy growth in future.
Exports and Import of Dyestuffs
In the year 2004-2005 the exports of dyestuff industry has touched 1109 million US dollar. Exports of dyestuffs in the year 2000-01 reached to about Rs. 2365 crores and accounted to about 5 per cent of the total world trade of dyestuffs. The main markets for Indian dyestuffs are the European Union, U.S.A., Indonesia, Hong Kong, South Korea and Egypt. The following table provides data export and import of dyestuff during last few years.
Technology
The technology for dyestuff production changes largely from relatively simple (direct azo) to sophisticated (disperse and vat) dyes. Despite the fact that technology is locally available, most of it is out dated. The setback is further compounded by the fact that the nature of the process differs from batch to batch and, hence, managing the process parameters becomes complex.
The dyestuff industry is one of the largely polluting industries and this has lead to them closing down internationally or changing the units to the emerging economies. Majority of the international producers have shifted the technology to developing nations like China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Taiwan and Thailand. This shift of manufacturing capacities is because the industry is supposed to work as a high-cost and low return one. The batch processing also formulates it to a labour- intensive industry. Hence, the competitiveness of developing economies gets a boosts.
Though, in the past decade the Indian industry has made considerable development in terms of technology and production.
Restructuring
Restructuring of the Indian dyestuff industry which started a couple of years ago is still in progress. The movement was initiated by the market leader Colour-Chem Ltd. It has also come into a toll manufacturing agreement with Dystar India Ltd. There have been other arrangements, which would give improving capacity utilisation at manufacturing facilities and also to have better exposure of export markets.
Ciba India and IDI have signed a deal to market polyester and cellulose dyes. IDI has also started work with Ciba for the production and marketing of dyes and pigments. Atul products has received the acquisition of Zeneca’s 50 per cent stake in Atic Industries Ltd and started work with BAS, Germany to market 50 per cent of its manufacturing of vat dyes.
Choosing the Right Dye Mix for Your Natural Fiber Crafts And Handspinning
In my opinion, the old saying, “you get what you pay for” is not always true with dyes. I have tried more expensive dyes by Gaywool, which averaged about $14 for a canister that claimed to dye 1-2 pounds. I have dyed several pounds and still have some left. However, the dye took a long time to set, and never completely rinsed out. Yes, I followed the directions on the package. Since in this case, I dyed a wool batt before spinning, I even had dye rub off on my fingers while I spun.
I have tried fabric dyes from a fabric store that claimed to dye natural fibers including cotton and wool. These dyes were very inexpensive and I got them on sale for $1.99 a package that dyed 1 pound. In this instance again, hard to rinse out, took a long time to set. But much more than that, the color was not vibrant as I wanted, and the wool felt rough after drying. I take pride in the softness of my wool, so needless to say, this was not acceptable. I have lived and learned and now swear by W.CUSHING & CO. acid dyes.
They come in a little packet that will dye 1 pound…. or more…. I’ll explain later…. The cost is very reasonable. Starting price is around $2.95 a packet, but if you call the company direct 1-800-26-7847, they offer bulk discounts. I think the minimum is 24 packs, which will bump you down to around $1.95 each, and that is the beginning. Ask them for specifics because I know there are larger discounts. You can search for dealers on the net and view the color chart, but so far I have not found one that offers the discounts. Remember that if you are a licensed business, which I am, you qualify for “no tax”. Now… details.. the colors are vivid at full strength… if you keep adding skiens or fiber roving to pot during the dye process, you will get varying shades of the same color! This dye absorbs completely into the fiber! When the dyebath is exhausted, you will know obviously because the water will be clear. No guesswork… no extensive rinsing. And remember…. rinse at the same temperature as the dyebath to avoid felting your fiber.
This is easier than it sounds….. just let it cool completely and rinse in cold water. Don’t risk burning yourself or felting that fabulous fiber. Remember to follow the directions on the package, as you will need to ad white vinegar. Don’t think you can add cider vinegar in a pinch, it does not work! Then just experiment with the dyes. We’ll talk more about techniques.